I think a single tape can work fine--if done correctly. That means having big tapes and stretchy wings. As I see it, the need for multiple tapes on most adult diapers proceeds from a combination of relatively coarse-grained sizing (usually only two size for adults versus six sizes for children) and the near-complete lack of elastic. In other words, there's very little in the design of adult diapers to make them conform to the shape of your body, so the extra tapes are there so that the wearer or caregiver can size and shape the diaper as necessary. Now consider men's briefs underwear. There aren't multiple fiddly connections; you have narrow bands of stretchy fabric on your hips, and these are connected to single seams in front. Emulating this, but replacing those seams with single, large tapes would work fine. You wouldn't need huge panels of that granny-panty stuff either, since the tapes can be adjusted for adequate tension and the wings wouldn't need to slide over your hips.
TL;DR: I think the only reason we don't have many single-tape adult diapers is cost.